Collagen is one of the most abundant proteins in the human body, accounting for around a third of all proteins in the body. It forms the basis of our connective tissues such as bones, skin, tendons and cartilage. It is even found in the corneas of our eyes and in our internal organs, as well as in our blood vessels. This macromolecule is present in several forms in our bodies, and there are in fact several types of collagen:
Type I collagen: the main interstitial collagen, found in the dermis, tendons, bones and vascular walls.
Type II collagen: found in cartilage and the vitreous body of the eye
Type III collagen: found in the dermis and vascular walls
Type IV collagen: present in the basal lamina
Type V collagen: present in muscles, placenta, etc.
In total, there are more than 16 different types of collagen in the body, but the most abundant are types 1, 2 and 3.
Collagen is a polysaccharide, a natural carbohydrate in the glycosaminoglycan family. It is also a protein (i.e. composed of a succession of amino acids). Its fundamental unit, called tropocollagen, is 280 nm long and 1.5 nm in diameter. It is a glycoprotein formed by the coiling of three left-handed α-helices carrying carbohydrates (glucose, galactose). The amino acids are glycine, proline,hydroxylysine and 4-hydroxyproline. The carbohydrates are attached to hydroxylysine, and it is the coiling of the three α chains that forms the tropocollagen molecule. Collagen plays a crucial role in the regeneration and structure of skin tissue, and also plays a part in skin elasticity.
Collagen is essential to your skin's healthy appearance, giving it volume, elasticity, firmness and resistance. Collagen proteins also play an essential role in maintaining healthy, young-looking hair. Lastly, collagen plays a part in intestinal comfort, joint health and even helps our brains function properly!
From the age of 25, our bodies begin to synthesise collagen less effectively, and then our collagen stocks fall drastically after the age of 50. This drop in our collagen stocks leads to skin ageing, loss of firmness, loss of hair density, lack of muscle tone and joint pain.