Facial soap is a cosmetic product used to cleanse the skin. It is generally produced through a chemical reaction between a fatty substance (such as oils or animal fats) and a strong base (usually caustic soda). This reaction, known as saponification, creates a substance that removes dirt and impurities that have built up on the skin.
Soap can be produced in various ways:
Cold-Process Saponification: This process involves mixing a fatty substance with a strong base such as caustic soda. It is when the caustic soda is added to the fatty substances that the saponification reaction takes place. This method of production requires no heating and preserves the natural glycerine produced during the reaction, which gives the soap its moisturising properties. Several weeks of drying are required before the soap can be used; this is known as ‘curing’
Hot Saponification (the so-called ‘cauldron’ method): Soaps produced by hot saponification are heated to around 100 degrees for several hours to speed up the saponification process. This is the case with Marseille soaps and Aleppo soaps, for example. The paste is then washed in salt water to remove excess lye and glycerine
Manufacture Using Soap Pellets: The method predominantly used for commercially available industrial soaps; it involves using a base of industrial soap pellets to which additives are added: colourings, fragrances, preservatives, oils, etc. The soap comes out ready to be cut. There is no ‘curing’ process
Superfatting is a common soap-making technique, and superfatted soaps are widely available. They are enriched with oils and butters, which help nourish the skin and reduce moisture loss.
Each type of soap has its own characteristics and may suit certain skin types better. Soaps made with gentle, natural ingredients are generally milder on the skin and can help maintain its natural balance. Others, such as those containing synthetic ingredients (surfactants, fragrances, etc.), may be more irritating.














