Immunity refers to the set of biological mechanisms through which the body protects itself against external agents capable of causing infection, such as viruses or bacteria. These mechanisms rely on the coordinated action of specialized cells, circulating proteins, and chemical signals that ensure the recognition and elimination of foreign agents.
Two main components are traditionally described.
Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defense. It acts rapidly and in a non-specific manner as soon as a foreign agent is detected. It includes, in particular, physical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes, as well as cells capable of neutralizing infectious agents without prior recognition.
Adaptive immunity kicks in as a second line of defense. It relies on specific recognition of the encountered agent and the production of memory cells. This immune memory allows the body to respond more effectively upon subsequent contact with the same agent. Vaccination works precisely through this mechanism, by exposing the body to an antigen in a controlled manner in order to induce long-lasting protection.










